Yintoni iDNA?

Ubume be-DNA kunye neMilo

I-DNA, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-deoxyribonucleic acid yimolekyuli, eliqela leathom ezibambeneyo. Kwimeko yeDNA, ezi athom ziyadityaniswa ukuze zenze imilo yeleli ende ejikelezayo. Siwubona kakuhle lo mfanekiso ukuze sibone ukumila kweDNA.

Ukuba wakha wafunda ibhayoloji, mhlawumbi weva ukuba iDNA isebenza njengeplani okanye iresiphi yezinto eziphilayo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba emhlabeni imolekyuli nje ibe yiplani yento entsonkothileyo nemangalisayo njengomthi, inja nabantu? Iyamangalisa ngokwenene loo nto.

I-DNA sesinye sezona zikhokelo zokufundisa. Intsonkothe ​​ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na incwadi okhe wayisebenzisa. Sonke isikhokelo somyalelo sibhalwe ngekhowudi. Ukuba ujonga ubume bemichiza yeDNA ngokusondeleyo, iya kubonisa iibhloko ezine eziphambili zokwakha. Sibiza ezi ziseko zenitrogen: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), kunye neCytosine (C). I-DNA ikwaquka iiswekile kunye namaqela ephosphate (eyenziwe ngephosphorus neoksijini). Ezi zenza umqolo we-phosphate-deoxyribose.

Ukuba ucinga ngesakhiwo se-DNA njengeleli, iintambo zeleli zenziwe kwiziseko ze-nitrogen. Ezi ziseko zidibanisa ukwenza inyathelo ngalinye leleli. Kwakhona badibanisa kuphela ngendlela ethile. (A) ahlala edibene no-(T) kunye no-(G) ahlala edibene no-(C). Oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa ilixesha lokukopa yonke okanye inxalenye yeDNA.

Ngoko, ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, yintoni iDNA? I-DNA yiplani yemolekyuli yento ephilayo. I-DNA idala i-RNA, kwaye i-RNA idala iprotheni, kwaye iiprotheni zihamba zenze ubomi. Le nkqubo yonke iyinkimbinkimbi, iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye inomlingo kwaye isekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-chemistry enokufundwa kwaye iqondwe.

Ukwahlula njani iDNA Fragment?

NJENGOKO besitshilo ukuba iDNA inokuphononongwa ize iqondwe, kodwa sinokuyenza njani loo nto? Izazinzulu ziyafunda kwaye ziphande kwaye ziziphonononge. Abantu basebenzisa i-gel electrophoresis ukwahlula i-DNA kuphando olongezelelweyo. I-Gel electrophoresis yindlela esetyenziselwa ukwahlula amaqhekeza e-DNA (okanye ezinye ii-macromolecules, ezifana ne-RNA kunye neeprotheni) ngokusekelwe kubukhulu kunye nentlawulo. I-Electrophoresis ibandakanya ukuqhuba i-current ngokusebenzisa i-gel equkethe iimolekyuli zomdla. Ngokusekelwe kubukhulu babo kunye nentlawulo, iamolekyu ziya kuhamba ngejel kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo okanye ngezantya ezahlukeneyo, ezivumela ukuba zihlulwe omnye komnye. Ngokusebenzisa i-electrophoresis, sinokubona ukuba mangaphi amaqhekeza e-DNA akhoyo kwisampulu kunye nokuba makhulu kangakanani na xa kuthelekiswa namanye.

Ukuba ufuna ukwenza i-gel electrophoresis, okokuqala udinga izixhobo zokulinga ezinxulumeneyo, iseli ye-electrophoresis (itanki / igumbi) kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla ayo. Umfanekiso olandelayo ubonisa iseli ye-electrophoresis ethe tye (itanki / igumbi) imodeliI-DYCP-31DNkunye nonikezelo lwamandla imodeliI-DYY-6Devela eBeijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd ye-DNA gel electrophoresis.

I-Gel electrophoresis ibandakanya i-gel, eluhlobo lwe-Jello-like material. Iigels zokwahlula kwe-DNA zihlala zisetyenziswa i-agarose, eza njengeeflakes ezomileyo, ezinomgubo. Xa i-agarose ifudunyezwa kwisithinteli (amanzi aneetyuwa ezithile kuyo) kwaye ivunyelwe ukuba iphole, iya kwenza ijeli eqinileyo, e-squishy kancinane. Kwinqanaba lemolekyuli, ijeli yimatrix yeemolekyuli ze-agarose ezibanjelwe kunye ngamabhondi e-hydrogen kwaye zenze iipores ezincinci.

Umfanekiso ovela kwiKhan Academy

Emva kokulungisa ijeli, faka ijeli kwitanki yeseli ye-electrophoresis, kwaye ugalele isisombululo se-buffer kwitanki yesithinteli de untywiliselwe ijeli. Emva koko iisampuli ze-DNA zilayishwa kumaqula (ama-indentations) kwelinye icala lejel, kwaye umbane wombane usetyenziselwa ukutsala ngejeli. Iziqwenga ze-DNA zihlawuliswa kakubi, ngoko zihamba zisiya kwi-electrode efanelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba onke amaqhekeza e-DNA anexabiso elifanayo lentlawulo ngobunzima, amaqhekeza amancinci ahamba ngejeli ngokukhawuleza kunamakhulu. Emva kokuqhuba i-gel electrophoresis, iinqununu ze-DNA ziye zahlulwa; kwaye abaphandi banokuhlola ijeli kwaye babone ukuba yiyiphi imilinganiselo yeebhanti ezifumaneka kuyo. Xa ijeli idityaniswe ngedayi ebophelelayo ye-DNA kwaye ibekwe phantsi kokukhanya kwe-UV, amaqhekeza e-DNA aya kukhanya, okusivumela ukuba sibone i-DNA ekhoyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobude bejeli.

Ngaphandle kweeseli ze-electrophoresis (iitanki / amagumbi) kunye nezixhobo zombane, i-Beijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd ikwabonelela nge-UV transilluminator, enokubona kwaye ithathe iifoto zeprotheyini kunye ne-DNA electrophoresis gel. ImodeliWD-9403Byi-transilluminator ye-UV ephathekayo yokujonga ijeli ye-DNA electrophoresis. ImodeliWD-9403Funokujonga, uthathe iifoto zazo zombini iiprotheyini kunye nejeli yeDNA.